334 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
334 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
# Operační systémy
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> Přehled Linux distribucí a Microsoft Windows pro serverové, containerové a AI/GPU workloady, včetně support lifecycle, EOL dat a srovnání.
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---
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## Přehled distribucí
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| Distribuce | Rodina | Package manager | Init | Security | Reference platforma |
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|-----------|--------|----------------|------|----------|-------------------|
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| **Ubuntu LTS** | Debian | apt (deb) | systemd | AppArmor | NVIDIA DGX, nejširší AI/GPU support |
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| **Debian** | Debian | apt (deb) | systemd | AppArmor | Univerzální server, stabilita |
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| **RHEL** | Red Hat | dnf (rpm) | systemd | SELinux | Enterprise standard, SAP, Oracle DB |
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| **Rocky Linux** | Red Hat | dnf (rpm) | systemd | SELinux | RHEL binary compatible (free) |
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| **AlmaLinux** | Red Hat | dnf (rpm) | systemd | SELinux | RHEL binary compatible (free) |
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| **SLES** | SUSE | zypper (rpm) | systemd | AppArmor | HPC, SAP, mainframe |
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| **OpenSUSE Leap** | SUSE | zypper (rpm) | systemd | AppArmor | Desktop, vývoj |
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| **OpenSUSE Tumbleweed** | SUSE | zypper (rpm) | systemd | AppArmor | Rolling release, bleeding edge |
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| **Fedora** | Red Hat | dnf (rpm) | systemd | SELinux | Desktop, technologický preview |
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| **Arch Linux** | Independent | pacman | systemd | — | Rolling, power users |
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| **Alpine Linux** | Independent | apk | OpenRC | — | Container image, embedded |
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| **Flatcar Container Linux** | Independent | — (image-based) | systemd | — | K8s worker node, minimal footprint |
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| **Bottlerocket** | Independent | — (image-based) | systemd | — | AWS K8s, minimal footprint |
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---
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## Support lifecycle a EOL data
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> **Standard:** základní podpora (bug fixy, security). **LTS/ELS:** prodloužená podpora (jen security).
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> ESM = Ubuntu Extended Security Maintenance, EUS = RHEL Extended Update Support, LTSS = SUSE Long Term Service Pack Support.
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### Ubuntu LTS
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| Verze | Release | Standard support | ESM / Ubuntu Pro | Poznámka |
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|-------|---------|-----------------|------------------|----------|
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| **20.04 LTS** (Focal) | 2020-04 | Konec 2025-04 | Konec 2030-04 | Poslední verze s Python 2 |
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| **22.04 LTS** (Jammy) | 2022-04 | Konec 2027-04 | Konec 2032-04 | NVIDIA DGX standard |
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| **24.04 LTS** (Noble) | 2024-04 | Konec 2029-04 | Konec 2034-04 | Nejnovější GPU/CUDA support |
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| **26.04 LTS** (plán) | 2026-04 | Konec 2031-04 | Konec 2036-04 | — |
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### RHEL
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| Verze | Release | Full support | Maintenance support | Extended life cycle |
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|-------|---------|-------------|-------------------|-------------------|
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| **7** | 2014-06 | Konec 2019-08 | Konec 2024-06 | Konec 2028-06 (ELS) |
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| **8** | 2019-05 | Konec 2024-05 | Konec 2029-05 | Konec 2034-06 (ELS) |
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| **9** | 2022-05 | Konec 2027-05 | Konec 2032-05 | Konec 2037-06 (ELS) |
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| **10** (plán) | 2025 | Konec 2029 | Konec 2034 | — |
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### Rocky Linux / AlmaLinux
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| Verze | Release | Support do | Kompatibilní s RHEL | Poznámka |
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|-------|---------|-----------|-------------------|----------|
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| **8** | 2021-06 | 2029-05 | Ano (od RHEL 8.4) | Alma/rocky |
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| **9** | 2022-07 | 2032-05 | Ano (od RHEL 9.0) | Alma/rocky |
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### Debian
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| Verze | Release | Full support | LTS support | ELTS (paid) |
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|-------|---------|-------------|-------------|-------------|
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| **11** (Bullseye) | 2021-08 | 2024-08 | Konec 2026-08 | Konec 2028-08 |
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| **12** (Bookworm) | 2023-06 | 2026-06 | Konec 2028-06 | Konec 2030-06 |
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| **13** (Trixie) | 2025 (oček.) | ~3 roky po release | ~5 let po release | — |
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### SLES
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| Verze | Release | General support | LTSS | Poznámka |
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|-------|---------|---------------|------|----------|
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| **15 SP3** | 2021-06 | Konec 2024-12 | Konec 2027-12 | — |
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| **15 SP4** | 2022-06 | Konec 2025-12 | Konec 2028-12 | — |
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| **15 SP5** | 2023-06 | Konec 2026-12 | Konec 2029-12 | Aktuální SP |
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| **15 SP6** | 2024-10 | Konec 2027-12 | Konec 2030-12 | — |
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### Fedora
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| Verze | Release | EOL | Poznámka |
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|-------|---------|-----|----------|
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| **38** | 2023-04 | 2024-05 | — |
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| **39** | 2023-11 | 2024-12 | — |
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| **40** | 2024-04 | 2025-05 | — |
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| **41** | 2024-11 | 2025-12 | — |
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Fedora vydává novou verzi každých ~6 měsíců, EOL ~13 měsíců po release. Slouží jako upstream pro RHEL.
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### Alpine Linux
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| Verze | Release | EOL |
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|-------|---------|-----|
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| **3.18** | 2023-05 | 2025-05 |
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| **3.19** | 2023-12 | 2025-12 |
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| **3.20** | 2024-05 | 2026-05 |
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| **3.21** | 2024-12 | 2026-12 |
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---
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## Kernel verze per distribuce
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| Distribuce | Kernel (default) | Kernel (HWE/enhanced) | Poznámka |
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|-----------|-----------------|----------------------|----------|
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| Ubuntu 22.04 LTS | 5.15 (GA) | 6.5+ (HWE) | HWE od 22.04.2 |
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| Ubuntu 24.04 LTS | 6.8 | — | — |
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| RHEL 8 | 4.18 | — | Backportované featur |
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| RHEL 9 | 5.14 | — | Backportované featur |
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| RHEL 10 | 6.11+ (oček.) | — | — |
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| Rocky/Alma 8 | 4.18 | — | Stejný jako RHEL 8 |
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| Rocky/Alma 9 | 5.14 | — | Stejný jako RHEL 9 |
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| Debian 11 | 5.10 | 6.1 (backports) | — |
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| Debian 12 | 6.1 | — | — |
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| SLES 15 SP5 | 5.14 | — | — |
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| SLES 15 SP6 | 6.4 | — | — |
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| Fedora 40 | 6.8+ | — | Rolling upstream |
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| Alpine 3.20 | 6.6 | — | — |
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---
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## Srovnání dle use case
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| Use case | Doporučená distribuce | Zdůvodnění |
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|----------|---------------------|-------|
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| **AI/GPU cluster (DGX)** | Ubuntu 22.04 LTS / DGX OS | NVIDIA standard, CUDA, MLNX_OFED |
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| **Enterprise K8s (OpenShift)** | RHEL 9 / RHCOS | Red Hat support, GPU Operator |
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| **Vanilla K8s (on-prem)** | Ubuntu 22.04 LTS + Flatcar (workers) | Community support, minimal worker image |
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| **HPC cluster (Slurm)** | Rocky Linux 9 / Ubuntu 22.04 | EL ekosystém + Lustre, nebo Ubuntu |
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| **Traditional enterprise DB (Oracle, SAP)** | RHEL 9 / SLES 15 | Vendor certifikace |
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| **Container host** | Ubuntu 22.04 / Alpine | Široká image kompatibilita / min size |
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| **Vývoj / desktop** | Fedora / Ubuntu 24.04 / OpenSUSE Tumbleweed | Aktuální balíčky, HW support |
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| **Embedded / IoT** | Debian / Alpine / Yocto | Minimal footprint, stabilita |
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| **Edge inference** | Ubuntu (ARM) / NVIDIA JetPack | Jetson, GPU support |
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| **Mainframe (IBM z/Arch)** | SLES 15 / RHEL 9 | IBM certifikace |
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---
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## Package management srovnání
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| Vlastnost | apt (Debian/Ubuntu) | dnf (RHEL/Rocky/Alma/Fedora) | zypper (SUSE) | pacman (Arch) | apk (Alpine) |
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|-----------|--------------------|------------------------------|---------------|---------------|-------------|
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| **Formát balíčků** | .deb | .rpm | .rpm | .pkg.tar.zst | .apk |
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| **Repo management** | /etc/apt/sources.list | /etc/yum.repos.d/ | /etc/zypp/repos.d/ | /etc/pacman.conf | /etc/apk/repositories |
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| **Lock file** | — (apt-mark hold) | — (exclude) | — (lock) | — (IgnorePkg) | — |
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| **Transactional update** | Ne | Ano (dnf history) | Ano (zypper history) | Ne | Ne |
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| **Rollback** | Ne (manual) | Ano (dnf history rollback) | Ano (snapper + zypper) | Ne | Ne |
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| **Delta updates** | Ano (apt-xapian) | Ano (deltarpm) | Ano (zsync) | Ne | Ne |
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| **Verze (k 2025)** | apt 2.7+ | dnf 4.18+ | zypper 1.14+ | pacman 6.1+ | apk 2.14+ |
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---
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## Security model porovnání
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| Vlastnost | SELinux (RHEL deriváty) | AppArmor (Ubuntu/Debian/SUSE) |
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|-----------|----------------------|------------------------------|
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| **Typ** | Mandatory Access Control (MAC) | Mandatory Access Control (MAC) |
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| **Labelování** | Kontextové (user:role:type) | Path-based (profil k executable) |
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| **Konfigurace** | Policy (moduly, booleany) | Profily (textové, v /etc/apparmor.d/) |
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| **Režimy** | Enforcing / Permissive / Disabled | Enforce / Complain / Disabled |
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| **Křivka učení** | Strmá (politiky komplexní) | Mírná (profily jednodušší) |
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| **Default v** | RHEL, Rocky, Alma, Fedora | Ubuntu, Debian, SLES, OpenSUSE |
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| **Use case** | Enterprise multiclient, regulované prostředí | Univerzální server, containment aplikací |
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| **Container integrace** | SELinux labels na kontejner | AppArmor profile na kontejner |
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Další vrstvy:
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- **seccomp** — syscall filtering (default v containerd, Docker)
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- **Capabilities** — Linux capabilities (drop vše kromě nutných)
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- **cgroups v2** — resource isolation (CPU, memory, IO, PID)
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- **User namespaces** — rootless kontejnery (Podman, Docker rootless)
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---
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## Doporučená migrační cesta pro EOL distribuce
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| Ze staré verze | Na | Doporučený postup |
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|----------------|-----|-------------------|
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| Ubuntu 20.04 (EOL 2025) | Ubuntu 22.04 nebo 24.04 | `do-release-upgrade` nebo fresh install |
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| RHEL 7 (EOL 2024) | RHEL 8 nebo 9 | `leapp` upgrade, nebo fresh install |
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| Rocky/Alma 8 | Rocky/Alma 9 | `dnf upgrade --releasever=9` |
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| Debian 11 (EOL LTS 2026) | Debian 12 | `apt full-upgrade` + nové sources.list |
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| SLES 15 SP4 (EOL 2025) | SLES 15 SP6 | `zypper migration` |
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| Fedora 40 (EOL 2025) | Fedora 42+ | `dnf system-upgrade` |
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---
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## Microsoft Windows
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### Windows Server — edice
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| Edice | Cena (approx) | Core limity | VM rights | Use case |
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|-------|--------------|-------------|-----------|----------|
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| **Datacenter** | ~$6 155 (2025) | Neomezen | Neomezené Windows VM na hostiteli | Virtualizace, SDDC, S2D, HCI |
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| **Standard** | ~$1 069 (2025) | 2 CPU, neomezen jader | 2 Windows VM + Hyper-V host | Běžný server, AD, file server |
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| **Essentials** | ~$501 (2025) | 1 CPU, max 10 uživatelů | — | Malé firmy (do 25 uživatelů) |
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| **Azure Edition** | Pay-as-you-go | Dle Azure VM | Dle Azure | Azure-only, hotpatching |
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Licencování: Windows Server Standard a Datacenter se licencují **per core** (min 16 core/server + 8 core/VM).
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### Windows Server — support lifecycle
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> **Mainstream:** běžné aktualizace (bug fixy, security, feature). **Extended:** jen security aktualizace (zdarma).
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> **ESU:** Extended Security Updates (placená vrstva navíc, cca $45–300/core/rok).
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| Verze | Release | Mainstream support | Extended support | ESU | Poznámka |
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|-------|---------|------------------|-----------------|-----|----------|
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| **2012 R2** | 2013-11 | 2018-10 | 2023-10 | Konec 2026-10 (3. rok) | ESU placená, poslední rok |
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| **2016** | 2016-10 | 2022-01 | 2027-01 | — | Poslední s Desktop Experience |
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| **2019** | 2019-01 | 2024-01 | 2029-01 | — | Poslední s Nano Server (jen 1803) |
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| **2022** | 2021-09 | 2026-10 | 2031-10 | — | Aktuální, TPM 2.0, Credential Guard |
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| **2025** | 2024-11 | 2029-10 | 2034-10 | — | Hotpatching, PowerShell 7, SMB over QUIC |
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### Windows Server — verze vs edice grid
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| Verze | Hyper-V | Storage Spaces Direct | Software-defined networking | Containers | GPU DDA / vGPU | WSL2 |
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|-------|---------|---------------------|---------------------------|------------|---------------|------|
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| 2016 Standard | Ano | Ne (jen Datacenter) | Ne (jen Datacenter) | Jen Windows | Ano | Ne |
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| 2016 Datacenter | Ano | Ano | Ano | Windows | Ano | Ne |
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| 2019 Standard | Ano | Ne | Ne | Windows | Ano | Ne |
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| 2019 Datacenter | Ano | Ano | Ano | Windows | Ano | Ne |
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| 2022 Standard | Ano | Ne | Ne | Windows + Linux | Ano | Ne |
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| 2022 Datacenter | Ano | Ano | Ano | Windows + Linux (2022.2+) | Ano | Ne |
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| 2025 Datacenter | Ano | Ano | Ano | Windows + Linux | Ano | Ano |
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### Windows Desktop — support lifecycle
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> **E = Enterprise, Pro = Professional, Home = Consumer**
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> LTSC = Long Term Servicing Channel (stabilní, bez feature updatů)
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| Verze | Release | EOL (Home/Pro) | EOL (Enterprise) | LTSC EOL | Poznámka |
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|-------|---------|---------------|-----------------|----------|----------|
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| **10 21H2** | 2021-11 | — | 2024-06 | — |
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| **10 22H2** | 2022-10 | 2025-10 | 2025-10 | — | Poslední Windows 10 |
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| **10 LTSC 2021** | 2021-11 | — | — | 2032-01 | IoT Enterprise LTSC |
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| **11 22H2** | 2022-09 | 2024-10 | 2025-10 | — |
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| **11 23H2** | 2023-10 | 2025-11 | 2026-11 | — |
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| **11 24H2** | 2024-10 | 2026-10 | 2027-10 | — | První s Recall, Copilot+ |
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| **11 LTSC 2024** | 2024-10 | — | — | 2029-10 | Enterprise LTSC |
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Podpora Windows 10 **skončila 2025-10-14** — poslední verze s klasickým ovládacím panelem.
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### Windows vs Linux — srovnání
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| Vlastnost | Windows Server | RHEL / Ubuntu |
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|-----------|---------------|---------------|
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| **Licence (server)** | $500–6 000 (per core) + CAL | $0–800 (per node subscription) |
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| **Licence (desktop)** | $100–200 (OEM/retail) | Zdarma |
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| **Cena za support** | Zahrnuto v licenci (SA/ESU) | $200–1 300/node/rok (RHEL) |
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| **Package management** | MSI, AppX, winget, NuGet | APT, DNF, Zypper |
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| **Package count** | ~10 000 (chocolatey) | ~60 000+ (Ubuntu repo) |
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| **Desktop GUI** | Windows Shell (mandatory) | Volitelný (GNOME, KDE, XFCE…) |
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| **Server GUI** | Windows Shell (od 2022 Core only) | CLI-only (standard) |
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| **Kernel** | NT hybrid kernel (kernel-mode Win32) | Monolithic Linux kernel |
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| **Device support** | OEM driver model (WHQL) | Open source + vendor drivers |
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| **Container types** | Windows + Linux (WSL2) | Linux (Docker, Podman, containerd) |
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| **Container registry** | Docker Hub, ACR, Nexus | Docker Hub, Quay, GHCR, Nexus… |
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| **Container image size** | ~4–8 GB (Windows Server Core) | ~100 MB – 1 GB (Alpine/Ubuntu) |
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| **GPU passthrough** | DDA (Discrete Device Assignment) | GPU Direct, VFIO, SR-IOV |
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| **AI/ML support** | WSL2 (CUDA), Azure ML | Native CUDA, ROCm, oneAPI |
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| **CUDA support** | Ano (přes WSL2 nebo Docker) | Native (nvidia-container-toolkit) |
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| **Orchestration** | AD / GPO / SCCM / WAC | Ansible, Puppet, Salt, Foreman |
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| **RBAC/AAA** | Active Directory (+ Kerberos) | LDAP, FreeIPA, SSSD, AD |
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| **Remote management** | RDP, WinRM, PowerShell Remoting | SSH, Cockpit, Webmin |
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| **Filesystem** | NTFS, ReFS, CSVFS | ext4, XFS, Btrfs, ZFS |
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| **Max file system size** | 256 TB (NTFS), 1.2 YB (ReFS) | 1 EB (XFS), 16 EB (ZFS) |
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| **Hypervisor** | Hyper-V (Type 1) | KVM (Type 2-ish), Xen |
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| **Dynamic memory** | Hyper-V Dynamic Memory | KSM, virtio-balloon (KVM) |
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| **Live migration** | Hyper-V Live Migration | KVM Live Migration, vMotion |
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### Windows specific features
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| Feature | Popis | Lze nahradit na Linuxu? |
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|---------|-------|------------------------|
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| **Active Directory** | Identity, auth, GPO, DNS, DHCP | FreeIPA, Samba AD DC, 389-ds, SSSD |
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| **Group Policy** | Centrální konfigurace desktopů/serverů | Ansible, Puppet, Salt (agent-based) |
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| **Hyper-V + S2D** | Hyper-converged storage a virtualizace (HCI) | Proxmox Ceph / oVirt + Gluster |
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| **Failover Clustering** | Cluster-aware aplikace (SQL, File Server) | Pacemaker + Corosync + DRBD |
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| **IIS** | Web server, ASP.NET host | Nginx, Apache (bez ASP.NET, nebo .NET host) |
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| **PowerShell** | Scripting, Desired State Configuration | Bash, Python, Ansible |
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| **Windows Admin Center** | GUI management | Cockpit, Webmin |
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| **BitLocker** | Full disk encryption | LUKS + cryptsetup |
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| **Windows Defender** | Antivirus + EDR | ClamAV, Wazuh, Osquery |
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| **SQL Server** | Relační DB | PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB |
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### Doporučený OS dle use case (včetně Windows)
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| Use case | OS | Zdůvodnění |
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|----------|-----|-------|
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| **Active Directory / GPO / hybrid ID** | Windows Server 2022/2025 | AD jen na Windows |
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| **SQL Server (failover cluster)** | Windows Server Datacenter + SQL EE | Always On FCI, ReFS |
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| **Exchange / SharePoint** | Windows Server 2022 | Jen na Windows |
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| **Enterprise desktop management** | Windows 11 Enterprise + Intune/SCCM | GPO, AD, enterprise MDM |
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| **.NET / ASP.NET aplikace** | Windows Server / Linux (.NET Core) | .NET 6+ běží na Linuxu |
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| **HCI (Microsoft stack)** | Windows Server Datacenter + S2D + Hyper-V | Azure Stack HCI |
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| **Virtualizace (mixed workload)** | Windows Server Datacenter (Hyper-V) | Linux i Windows VM pod jedním |
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| **AI/GPU inference** | Linux (Ubuntu) + CUDA | NVIDIA optimální; WSL2 alternativa |
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| **Container orchestration (Windows nodes)** | Windows Server 2022/2025 + containerd | Windows Pods v AKS on-prem |
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| **Tier 2 aplikace / web / API** | Ubuntu nebo RHEL (Linux) | Nižší TCO, menší footprint |
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### Windows Server migrační cesty
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| Ze staré verze | Na | Doporučený postup |
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|---------------|-----|-------------------|
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| Windows Server 2012 R2 (EOL 2023) | Windows Server 2022/2025 | In-place upgrade nebo fresh + migration |
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| Windows Server 2016 (EOL 2027) | Windows Server 2022/2025 | In-place upgrade nebo fresh |
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| Windows Server 2019 | Windows Server 2022/2025 | In-place upgrade (`Setup.exe /auto upgrade`) |
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| Windows Server 2022 | Windows Server 2025 | In-place upgrade nebo fresh |
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| Windows Server → Cloud | Azure VM / Azure Stack HCI | Azure Migrate, Storage Migration Service |
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| Windows Server → Linux | Ubuntu / RHEL (re-platform) | Migrace aplikace na .NET Core nebo alternativu |
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### Windows — API a provozní limity
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| Limit | Windows Server | Windows Desktop |
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|-------|---------------|----------------|
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| **Max RAM** | 24 TB (2025 Datacenter) | 2 TB (Pro/Enterprise), 128 GB (Home) |
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| **Max CPU sockets** | 64 (Datacenter), 2 (Standard) | 2 |
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| **Max CPU cores** | Neomezen | 128 (Pro), 64 (Home) |
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| **Max file size (NTFS)** | 256 TB | 256 TB |
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| **Max file size (ReFS)** | 18.4 EB (2025) | — |
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| **Max volume size (NTFS)** | 256 TB | 256 TB |
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| **Max volume size (ReFS)** | 1.2 YB (teoreticky) | — |
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| **Max dedup volume** | 64 TB (Data Deduplication) | — |
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| **Max cluster nodes** | 64 (Failover Cluster) | — |
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| **Max VM per host** | Neomezen (Datacenter) | — |
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| **VM memory per VM** | 12 TB (2022+) | — |
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| **VM vCPU per VM** | 240 (2022+) | — |
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| **Concurrent RDP** | 2 (admin), 200+ (RDS CAL) | 1 (Home), více (RDP host) |
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| **PowerShell Remoting** | Neomezen (WinRM) | Ano (WinRM) |
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|
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- [AI-INFRASTRUCTURE.md](AI-INFRASTRUCTURE.md) — OS pro AI workloady, GPU drivery, kernel parametry
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- [KUBERNETES.md](KUBERNETES.md) — container runtime, orchestrace
|
||
- [HYPERVISORS.md](HYPERVISORS.md) — hypervisory, VM host OS
|
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- [DATACENTERS.md](DATACENTERS.md) — DC layout, HW platformy
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## Zdroje
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|
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Odkazy, knihy a standardy: [sources/infrastructure/sources.md](sources/infrastructure/sources.md)
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*Poslední revize: 2026-06-18*
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